A Teaching Metaphor for Learning, Experimentation,
and Transformation
I conceptualised the Theatre of Reflective Design as a space where learning is like stage performance, design is a core process, and mirrors of reflection that deepen learning while refining design outputs. In this theatre learners are not passive audience members but active co-creators of knowledge and builders of artefacts. They constantly experiment, iterate, reflect and re-interpret their understanding of how artefacts can solve real-world problems within the context of digital health.
This teaching metaphor was inspired by three interconnected concepts:
Semi-Flipped Theatre: This theatre is for dynamic, interactive rehearsal, performance, and improvisation both and stage and in the audience. The audience serves as a metaphor for internal (introspective) and external (peers, teachers, and design artefacts) feedback. In the image there are musicians both on the stage and in the audience. This was intentional to symbolise co-creation of music (artefacts) by audience and performer.
Reflection: This concept evokes deep thinking, feedback and iterative improvement. The mirrored images on the walls of the theatre and the reflective floor takes carries the metaphor for feedback further. Backstage there are funhouse mirrors to provide the performers with alternate perspective, scenarios, or contexts in which to reflect on designs. These mirrors intentionally distort images of reality, forcing the gazer to reinterpret what they think they know. Similar to how actors and dancers watch recordings or use mirrors to appraise and refine their performances, learners engage in self-assessment, peer feedback, and continuous improvement.
Design: Design is performative with interplay between teaching and learning, like theatrical production where actors, musicians, and/or artists (teachers and learners) perform their roles in a dynamic ever-evolving script. This includes an element of improvisation and iteration (cycles) to adapt to contexts, use cases, and feedback from the audience. Design includes structured creativity, problem-solving, and encourages learner agency.
Just as there are iterative cycles of artefact creation in Design Science Research, so too is the learning cycles of creating, testing, reflecting, and refining (another mirror in our theatre). The metaphor aligns with Schön’s (1983) concept of the Reflective Practitioner, emphasizing experiential learning, adaptability, and situated cognition—key elements in HPE, digital health, and health systems innovation.
The learning journey begins with the initial encounter of new knowledge, much like an actor receiving a play script or a designer conceiving a prototype. At this stage, learners engage in explorations, guided activities, and case-based discussions. This lays a foundation for further and deeper inquiry. Learners' understanding begins to take form through peer discussions, self-assessment, and structured feedback. The mirrors in the theatre foyer reflect their initial grasp of concepts, highlighting areas of mastery and where there is room for improvement.
As in improvisational theatre, the learning process demands adaptability, responsiveness, and collaborative problem-solving. Students must engage dynamically with new challenges, responding in real time to shifting contexts and unexpected insights. Here, feedback serves as an illusionary mirror, prompting learners to reconsider assumptions, refine their approaches, and deepen their understanding. By engaging in iterative refinement, they move beyond surface-level understanding, refining their ideas through cycles of trial and reflection.
At this stage, students step forward to apply their learning in real-world or simulated contexts—whether through presentations, problem-solving challenges, or reflective case studies. However, this act is not about rote memorisation or scripted responses; rather, it is about demonstrating adaptability, critical reasoning, and the capacity to integrate insights from prior iterations. The final mirror in this process does not present a static, perfected image but an evolving, refined understanding—one that will continue to shift and develop as new learning unfolds.
Rather than taking centre stage as the sole performer I see myself as both a stage manager and a facilitator of reflective design. My role is to orchestrate the learning environment, ensuring that each learner has the necessary structure, support, and freedom to explore and develop their understanding. Like a stage manager, I work behind the scenes to establish a learning space that is both structured and flexible, allowing learners to engage deeply with the material while having the autonomy to experiment and innovate.
I provide the mirrors that reflect each student's progress, enabling them to critically evaluate their own learning. These mirrors take the form of feedback loops, structured reflection exercises, and peer interactions—each offering a different perspective on their evolving knowledge. By engaging with these reflective practices, students can see beyond immediate challenges and begin to appreciate the nuances of their own intellectual growth.
Also, I encourage iteration and improvisation, fostering an environment where learners prototype ideas, rehearse their understanding, and refine their learning through engagement and adaptation. Just as actors refine their performances through rehearsals, learners in this space refine their thinking through discussion, feedback, and application. The goal is not perfection but continuous growth—learning that is dynamic, responsive, and ever-evolving.
Learning in The Theatre of Reflective Design is never truly complete. It is an ongoing rehearsal, a lifelong process of refinement, reinterpretation, and growth. My goal is not merely to impart knowledge but to equip learners with the ability to critically assess, adapt, and apply their learning in meaningful and evolving ways.
Ultimately, education—like great theatre and great design—is not about memorising lines. It is about understanding the script, adapting to the moment, and continuously refining one’s craft.
Moulin Rouge! (2001) and the Theatre of Reflective Design share a few commonalities including improvisation, reflection, and transformation. In both, performers and learners must adapt in real time, refining their craft through rehearsal and feedback. Mirrors in the film reshape reality, just like feedback in learning, offering new perspectives that challenge assumptions. The boundary between audience and performer is fluid, echoing how learners move from passive recipients to active participants in constructing knowledge. As a stage manager ensures coherence amidst theatrical chaos, the educator in The Theatre of Reflective Design curates a structured yet flexible space where discovery and iteration thrive.
Reference: YouTube. (n.d.). Lady Marmalade / Can Can Mashmix – Moulin Rouge! [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved March 3, 2025, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUE7R6eXb6s from Luhrmann, B. (Director). (2001). Moulin Rouge! [Film]. 20th Century Fox.